Cases of Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever in the EU/EEA, 2013–present
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral disease caused by CCHF orthonairovirus, which is endemic in regions of Africa, the Balkans, the Middle East and western and south-central Asia [1,2]. The virus has caused major outbreaks in EU/EEA neighbouring regions, principally in the Balkan region, Turkey and Russia [3]. CCHF orthonairovirus is typically spread via the bites of ticks of the Hyalomma genus. These ticks are widely distributed across southern and eastern Europe [4]. CCHF orthonairovirus can also be transmitted via direct or indirect contact with blood or the organs of viraemic hosts (animals or humans). Therefore, healthcare workers attending to CCHF patients may be exposed to the virus if they do not take appropriate protective measures.
CCHF was first diagnosed in Bulgaria in the mid-1950s and became endemic in some regions of the country. In Greece, the first and so far only autochthonous case was reported in 2008 [3,5,6]. In 2016, Spain reported its first autochthonous cases in the province of Ávila, Castile-León. A retrospective study, conducted in 2020 and published in 2021, showed that a case of CCHF had occurred in the same province in 2013 [7].
Details of CCHF cases infected in the EU/EEA since 2013 are presented below (Table 1 and Figure 1).
Year of onset | Reporting country | Number of cases | Place of exposure | Other information | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | Bulgaria | 8 | Shumen, Yambol, Haskovo, Kardjali and Blagoevgrad regions, Bulgaria | Transmission: via tick bite. Outcome: 2 deaths. | [8] |
Spain | 1 | Ávila province, Castile-León, Spain | Transmission: via tick bite. Onset of symptoms: May. Outcome: recovered. Other: Case detected retrospectively (in 2020). | [7] | |
2014 | Bulgaria | 8 | Haskovo, Kardjali, Blagoevgrad, Plovdiv and Burgas regions, Bulgaria | Transmission: via tick bite. Outcome: 1 death. | [9,10] |
United Kingdom | 1 | Burgas province, Bulgaria | Transmission: via tick bite. Exposure: travel-related, during a stay in Bulgaria. Onset of symptoms: June. Outcome: recovered. | [9,11] | |
2015 | Bulgaria | 4 | Blagoevgrad, Haskovo and Yambol regions, Bulgaria | Transmission: via tick bite. Outcome: 2 deaths. | [12,13] |
2016 | Bulgaria | 4 | Blagoevgrad, Kardjali and Yambol regions, Bulgaria | Transmission: via tick bite. Outcome: recovered. | [14,15] |
Spain | 2 | Ávila province, Castile-León, Spain | Transmission: via tick bite. Exposure: during a hike in August. Onset of symptoms: August. Outcome: died. | [15-17] | |
Madrid province, Madrid, Spain | Transmission: nosocomial transmission. Exposure: healthcare worker who cared for the index case. Onset of symptoms: August. Outcome: recovered. | [15-17]
| |||
2017 | Bulgaria | 2 | Kardjali and Haskovo regions, Bulgaria | Transmission: via tick bite. Outcome: recovered. | [18,19] |
2018 | Bulgaria | 6 | Kardjali and Plovdiv regions, Bulgaria | Transmission: via tick bite. Outcome: 1 death. | [20,21] |
Greece | 1 | Blagoevgrad province, Bulgaria | Transmission: via tick bite. Exposure: travel-related, during a stay in Bulgaria. Onset of symptoms: May. Outcome: recovered. | [21,22] | |
Spain | 2 | Badajoz province, Extremadura, Spain | Transmission: via tick bite. Exposure: during a hunt in July. Onset of symptoms: July. Outcome: died. | [21] | |
Salamanca province, Castile-León, Spain | Transmission: via tick bite. Exposure: contact with farm animals. Onset of symptoms: August. Outcome: recovered. | [23] | |||
2019 | Bulgaria | 2 | Kardjali region, Bulgaria | Transmission: via tick bite. Outcome: recovered. | [24,25] |
2020 | Bulgaria | 1 | Burgas region, Bulgaria | Transmission: via tick bite. Outcome: recovered. | [26] |
Spain | 3 | Salamanca province, Castile-León, Spain | Transmission: via tick bite. Onset of symptoms: May. Outcome: recovered. | [27,28] | |
Transmission: via tick bite. Exposure: contact with farm animals. Onset of symptoms: June. Outcome: recovered. | [27] | ||||
Transmission: via tick bite. Onset of symptoms: August. Outcome: died. | [27,29] | ||||
2021 | Spain | 2 | Salamanca province, Castile-León, Spain | Transmission: via tick bite. Exposure: contact with farm animals. Onset of symptoms: April. Outcome: recovered. | [30] |
León province, Castile-León, Spain | Transmission: via tick bite. Exposure: during a hike. Onset of symptoms: Early June. | [31] | |||
2022 | Bulgaria | 2 | Zlatoustovo, Haskovo province, Bulgaria | Transmission: unknown, probably via tick bite. Exposure: via farming. Onset symptoms: April Outcome: Recovered | [32] |
Kardzhali, Bulgaria | Transmission: via tick bite Exposure: unknown Onset of symptoms: July Outcome: Died | [32] | |||
2022
| Spain
| 2
| León province, Castile-León, Spain
| Transmission: via tick bite. Exposure: during a hunt. Onset of symptoms: July. Outcome: recovered. | [33,34] |
Transmission: via tick bite. Exposure: working as forestry worker. Onset of symptoms: June. Outcome: died. | [34] | ||||
2024 | Spain | 1 | Salamanca province, Castile-León, Spain | Transmission: via tick bite. Exposure: during a hike. Onset of symptoms: April. Outcome: died. | [35] [36] |
Figure 1. Regions of infection (in orange) for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever cases infected via tick bites, EU/EEA, 2013–present
References
- World Health Organization (WHO). Factsheet Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Geneva: WHO. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/crimean-congo-haemorrhagic-fever
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) distribution map. Atlanta: CDC. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/crimean-congo/outbreaks/distribution-map.html
- Maltezou HC, Papa A. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: risk for emergence of new endemic foci in Europe? Travel Med Infect Dis. 2010 May;8(3):139-43. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20541133
- Europena Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Distribution maps of ticks. Stockholm: ECDC. Available at: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/disease-vectors/surveillance-and-disease-data/tick-maps
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2018. Stockholm: ECDC, 2019
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Surveillance atlas of infectious diseases Stockholm: ECDC. Available at: http://atlas.ecdc.europa.eu/public/index.aspx?Dataset=27&HealthTopic=16
- Negredo A, Sanchez-Ledesma M, Llorente F, Perez-Olmeda M, Belhassen-Garcia M, Gonzalez-Calle D, et al. Retrospective Identification of Early Autochthonous Case of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Spain, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021 Jun;27(6):1754-6. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34013861
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Sofia: NCIPD; 2013. Available at: https://www.ncipd.org/index.php?option=com_biuletin&view=view&layout=enversion&year=2013&month=50&lang=en
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Annual Epidemiological Report – Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Stockholm: ECDC, 2014
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Sofia: NCIPD; 2014. Available at: https://www.ncipd.org/index.php?option=com_biuletin&view=view&layout=enversion&year=2014&month=52&lang=en
- Lumley S, Atkinson B, Dowall S, Pitman J, Staplehurst S, Busuttil J, et al. Non-fatal case of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever imported into the United Kingdom (ex Bulgaria), June 2014. Euro Surveill. 2014 Jul 31;19(30) Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25108534
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Sofia: NCIPD; 2015. Available at: https://www.ncipd.org/index.php?option=com_biuletin&view=view&layout=enversion&month=52&year=2015&lang=en
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Annual Epidemiological Report – Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Stockholm: ECDC, 2015
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Sofia: NCIPD; 2016. Available at: https://www.ncipd.org/index.php?option=com_biuletin&view=view&layout=enversion&month=52&year=2016&lang=en
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Annual Epidemiological Report – Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Stockholm: ECDC, 2016
- Negredo A, de la Calle-Prieto F, Palencia-Herrejon E, Mora-Rillo M, Astray-Mochales J, Sanchez-Seco MP, et al. Autochthonous Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Spain. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 13;377(2):154-61. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28700843
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Rapid Risk Assessment - Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever in Spain, 8 September 2016. Stockholm: ECDC, 2018
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Sofia: NCIPD; 2017. Available at: https://www.ncipd.org/index.php?option=com_biuletin&view=view&layout=enversion&month=52&year=2017&lang=en
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Annual Epidemiological Report – Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Stockholm: ECDC, 2017
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Sofia: NCIPD; 2018. Available at: https://www.ncipd.org/index.php?option=com_biuletin&view=view&layout=enversion&month=52&year=2018&lang=en
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Annual Epidemiological Report – Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Stockholm: ECDC, 2018
- Papa A, Markatou F, Maltezou HC, Papadopoulou E, Terzi E, Ventouri S, et al. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in a Greek worker returning from Bulgaria, June 2018. Euro Surveill. 2018 Aug;23(35) Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30180928
- Monsalve Arteaga L, Munoz Bellido JL, Negredo AI, Garcia Criado J, Vieira Lista MC, Sanchez Serrano JA, et al. New circulation of genotype V of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in humans from Spain. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021 Feb;15(2):e0009197. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33617538
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Sofia: NCIPD; 2019. Available at: https://www.ncipd.org/index.php?option=com_biuletin&view=view&layout=enversion&month=52&year=2019&lang=en
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Annual Epidemiological Report – Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Stockholm: ECDC, 2019
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Sofia: NCIPD; 2020. Available at: https://www.ncipd.org/index.php?option=com_biuletin&view=view&layout=enversion&month=52&year=2020&lang=en
- Coordination Centre for Health Alerts and Emergencies, Ministry of Health. Rapid risk assessment. Detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Salamanca [in Spanish]. Madrid: 2020
- Junta de Castilla y Léon. Public health confirms a cases of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Salamanca [in Spanish: Salud pública confirma un caso de fiebre hemorrágica de Crimea-Congo en Salamanca], 11 June 2020. Valladolid: Consejería de Sanidad; 2020. Available at: https://comunicacion.jcyl.es/web/jcyl/Comunicacion/es/Plantilla100Detalle/1281372051501/NotaPrensa/1284960397145/Comunicacion
- Junta de Castilla y Léon. Authorities receive confirmation of a case of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Salamanca [in Spanish: La junta recibe la confirmación de un caso de fiebre hemorrágica de Crimea-Congo en Salamanca], 13 August 2020. Valladolid: Consejería de Sanidad; 2020. Available at: https://comunicacion.jcyl.es/web/jcyl/Comunicacion/es/Plantilla100Detalle/1284877983892/NotaPrensa/1284976629219/Comunicacion
- Junta de Castilla y Léon. Public health confirms a cases of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Salamanca [in Spanish: Salud pública confirma un caso de fiebre hemorrágica de Crimea-Congo en Salamanca], 26 April 2021. Valladolid: Consejería de Sanidad; 2021. Available at: https://comunicacion.jcyl.es/web/jcyl/Comunicacion/es/Plantilla100Detalle/1284877983892/NotaPrensa/1285048981232/Comunicacion
- Junta de Castilla y Léon. Public health confirms a cases of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in El Bierzo [in Spanish: Salud pública confirma un caso de fiebre hemorrágica de Crimea-Congo en El Bierzo], 10 June 2021. Valladolid: Consejería de Sanidad; 2021. Available at: https://comunicacion.jcyl.es/web/jcyl/Comunicacion/es/Plantilla100Detalle/1284877983892/NotaPrensa/1285065354547/Comunicacion
- Personal communication Head of National Reference Laboratory Vector-borne infections, Bulgaria, November 2023. Message
- Junta de Castilla y Léon. Public health confirms a cases of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in el Bierzo [in Spanish: Salud pública confirma un caso de fiebre hemorrágica de Crimea-Congo en el Bierzo], 20 July 2022. Valladolid: Consejería de Sanidad; 2022. Available at: https://comunicacion.jcyl.es/web/jcyl/Comunicacion/es/Plantilla100Detalle/1281372051501/Comunicado/1285190509128/Comunicacion
- Ministerio de Sanidad. Detection of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever cases in el Bierzo [in Spanish: Detección de casos de Fiebre hemorrágica de Crimea-Congo en el Bierzo], 5 August 2022. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad; 2022. Available at: https://www.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/ccayes/alertasActual/Crimea_Congo/docs/20220805_Crimea_Congo_El_Bierzo.pdf
- Falcón L. Public Health confirms a case of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Salamanca [in Spanish: Salud Pública confirma un caso de fiebre hemorrágica de Crimea-Congo en Salamanca], 27 April 2024. El Español; 2024. Available at: https://www.elespanol.com/castilla-y-leon/region/salamanca/20240427/salud-publica-confirma-caso-fiebre-hemorragica-crimea-congo-salamanca/850914940_0.html
- COPE. Elderly man with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever dies in Salamanca [in Spanish: Fallece en Salamanca el hombre de avanzada edad con fiebre hemorrágica de Crimea-Congo], 02 May 2024. Available at: https://www.cope.es/actualidad/sociedad/noticias/fallece-salamanca-hombre-avanzada-edad-con-fiebre-hemorragica-crimea-congo-20240502_3277630